Domain Driven Design

Software Process Engineering


Giovanni Ciatto — giovanni.ciatto@unibo.it


Compiled on: 2025-02-18 — printable version

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Motivation and Context

Why a structured design process?

  • You know programming, in many programming languages

  • You know about object-oriented programming and design patterns

  • You know about software architectures and design principles

  • You know about software engineering best practices


What’s the criterion to choose if and when to adopt languages / patterns / architectures / principles / practices?

Problem $\xrightarrow{\color{red}analysis}$ Model $\xrightarrow{\color{red}design}$ Architecture $\xrightarrow{implementation}$ Solution

  • yet, how to derive the model?

Why Domain Driven Design?

  • Here we present domain-driven design (DDD)
    • one of many approaches to software design

  • It consists of principles, best practices, and patterns leading design
    • unified under a common philosophy
    • focus is on the design workflow, other than the result

  • Major benefits:
    • it stresses adherence to the problem at hand
    • it focuses on delivering a business-tailored model
      • and, therefore, a business-tailored solution
    • it harmonises communication among managers, technicians, and users
    • it stresses the production of maintanable and extensible software

Main notions of DDD

What is the domain?

  • Definition of domain:
    • a well-established sphere of knowledge, influence or activity
    • the subject area to which the user applies the software

  • Remarks:
    • focus is on how users and experts perceive the domain
    • focus is not on how developers perceive the domain

  • Examples of domains and the contexts composing them
    • some university (department, faculty, HR, etc.)
    • some given company (manufacturing, marketing, HR, etc.)
    • linear algebra (matrices, complex numbers, polynoms, etc.)
    • machine learning (classification, regression, feature selection, etc.)

DDD Philosophy (pt. 1)

  • Software will represent a solution to a problem in some business domain

    • it should be modelled & implemented to match that domain
      • i.e. modelling should elicit the key aspects of a domain, possibly by interacting with experts
      • i.e. design and implementation should mirror the domain

  • Words do not have meaning per se, but rather w.r.t. a domain

    • i.e. the same word may have different meanings in different domains
    • each domain comes with a particular language characterising it
      • software components (interfaces, classes, etc.) should be named after that language
    • interaction with experts is essential to identify a domain’s language

DDD Philosophy (pt. 2)

  • Software should stick to the domain, at any moment
    • archiecture and implementation should favour adherence to the domain
      • in spite of their evolution / modification

  • Functionalities, structure, and UX should mirror the domain too

    • using the libraries should be natural for developers
    • UX should be natural for users

    as both developers and users are (supposed to be) immersed in the domain

Overview of main notions

  • Domain: the reference area of knowledge

  • Context: a portion of the domain

  • Model: a reification of the domain in software

  • Ubiquitous Language: language used by domain experts and mirrored by the model

The Domain

A well established sphere of knowledge, influence or activity

  • e.g. some university (department, faculty, HR, etc.), linear algebra, etc.

Contexts

A portion of the domain with a clear boundary:

  • relying on a sub-set of the concepts of the domain
  • where words/names have a unique, precise meaning
  • clearly distinguishable from other contexts
  • e.g. departments, divisions, complex numbers, etc.

Domain vs. Context

Domain and context

The domain Model

Set of software abstractions mapping relevant concepts of the domain

  • e.g. Java/Kotlin/Scala projects, packages, interfaces, classes, records, methods, etc.

The Ubiquitous Language

  • A language structured around the domain model
    • used by all people involved into the domain
    • which should be used in the software
    • in such a way that their semantics is preserved

  • underlying assumption:

    • different people call the same things differently
    • especially when they come from different contexts

  • commonly reified into a glossary of terms

  • used to name software components

Conceptual Workflow

  1. Identify the domain, give a name to it

  2. Identify the main contexts within the domain, giving them names

    • possibly, by interacting with experts

  3. Identify the actual meaning of relevant words from the domain, and track them into a glossary

    • possibly, by interacting with experts

    • without assuming you already know the meaning of words

      • i.e. do not rely on (your) common sense

    • keep in mind that the meaning of words may vary among contexts

      • homonyms: similar names, different meanings
      • synonyms: different names, similar meanings

  4. Adhere to the language, use it, make it yours

    • especially when talking about the domain / model / software
    • design/sketch code mirroring the language

  5. Draw a context map tracking

    • the main contexts and their junctions
    • words whose meaning varies across contexts

  6. Model the software around the ubiquitous language

    • rule of thumb: 1 concept $\approx$ 1 interface

Example of context map

Context map

DDD Building Blocks

Towards building blocks

Domain

  • Concept
    • instance

$\xrightarrow{modelling}$

Model

  • Type
    • object
  • Each concept from each context shall become a type in the model
    • type $\approx$ class, interface, structure, ADT, etc.
      • depends on what the programming language has to offer

  • Use building blocks as archetypes
    • let them guide and constrain your design

Workflow

(continued)

  1. Chose the most adequate building block for each concept

    • depending on the nature of the concept
    • … or the properties of its instances

  2. The building block dictates how to design the type corresponding to the concept

    • objects in OOP are shaped by types

  3. The choice of building block may lead to the identification of other concepts / models

    • e.g. entities may need value objects as identifiers
    • e.g. entities may need repositories to be stored
    • e.g. entities may need factories to be created
    • e.g. aggregates may be composed by entities or value objects

Building blocks (overview)

  • Entity: objects with an identifier

  • Value Object: objects without identity

  • Aggregate Root: compound objects

  • Domain Event: objects modelling relevant event (notifications)

  • Service objects: providing stateless functionalities

  • Repository: objects providing storage facilities

  • Factory: objects creating other objects

Building blocks (concept)

Building blocks graphical overview

Entities vs. Value Objects

Genus-differentia definition:

  • genus: both can be used to model elementary concepts
  • differentia: entities have an explicit identity, value objects are interchangeable

Quick modelling examples

Classroom

  • Seats in classroom may be modelled as value-objects

  • Attendees of a class may be modelled as entities

Seats on a plane

  • Numbered seats $\rightarrow$ entities

  • otherwise $\rightarrow$ value objects

Entities vs. Value Objects (constraints)

Value Objects

  • Identified by their attributes
    • equality compares attributes alone
  • Must be stateless $\Rightarrow$ better to use immutable design
    • read-only properties
    • lack of state-changing methods
  • May be implemented as
    • structures in .NET
    • data classes in Kotlin, Scala, Python
    • records in Java
  • Must implement equals() and hashCode() on JVM
    • implementation must compare the objects’ attributes

Entities vs. Value Objects (constraints)

Entities

  • They have an inherent identity, which never changes during their lifespan
    • common modelling: identifier attribute, of some value type
    • equality compares identity
  • Can be stateful $\Rightarrow$ may have a mutable design
    • modifiable properties
    • state-changing methods
  • May be implemented via classes in most languages
  • Must implement equals() and hashCode() on JVM
    • implementation must compare (at least) the objects’ identifiers

Entities vs. Value Objects (example)

interface Customer { + CustomerID getID() .. + String getName() + void setName(name: String) + String getEmail() + void setEmail(email: String) } note left: Entity

interface CustomerID { + Object getValue() } note right: Value Object

interface TaxCode { + String getValue() } note left: Value Object

interface VatNumber { + long getValue() } note right: Value Object

VatNumber -d-|> CustomerID TaxCode -d-|> CustomerID

Customer *-r- CustomerID

Aggregate Root

Definition

  • A composite entity, aggregating related entities/value objects

  • It guarantees the consistency of the objects it contains

  • It mediates the usage of the composing objects from the outside

  • Outside objects should avoid holding references to composing objects

Aggregate Root (constraints)

  • They are usually compound entities

  • They can be or exploit collections to contain composing items

  • May be better implemented as classes in most programming languages

  • Must implement equals() and hashCode() on JVM (as any other entity)

    • implementation may take composing items into account

  • Components of an aggregate should not hold references to components of other aggregates

    • that’s why they are called aggregate roots
    • notable exception: references to identifiers of other aggregates

    Aggregate roots should not hold references to other aggregates’ components

Aggregate Root (example)

Two aggregates with inter-dependencies

(notice the link between Order and Buyer implemented by letting the Order hold a reference to the BuyerID)

Factories (definition)

Objects aimed at creating other objects


Concept of factory

Factories (details)

Purpose

  • Factories encapsulate the creation logic for complex objects

    • making it evolvable, interchangeable, replaceable

  • They ease the enforcement of invariants

  • They support dynamic selection of the most adequate implementation

    • while hiding the actual implementation choice

Remarks

  • DDD’s notion of factory is quite loose
    • DDD’s Factories $\supset$ GOF’s Factories $\cup$ Builders $\cup$ …

Factories (constraints)

  • They are usually identity-less and state-less objects

  • May be implemented as classes in most OOP languages

  • Provide methods to instantiate entities or value objects

  • Usually they require no mutable field/property

  • No need to implement equals() and hashCode() on JVM

Factories (example)

interface CustomerID

interface TaxCode

interface VatNumber

interface Customer

Customer “1” *– “1” CustomerID

VatNumber -u-|> CustomerID TaxCode -u-|> CustomerID

interface CustomerFactory { + VatNumber computeVatNumber(String name, String surname, Date birthDate, String birthPlace) .. + Customer newCustomerPerson(TaxCode code, String fullName, string email) + Customer newCustomerPerson(String name, String surname, Date birthDate, String birthPlace, String email) .. + Customer newCustomerCompany(VatNumber code, String fullName, String email) } note bottom of CustomerFactory

  • method for creating VAT numbers
  • methods for creating person customers
  • methods for creating company customers end note

CustomerFactory -r-> VatNumber: creates CustomerFactory -u-> Customer: creates

Repositories (definition)

Objects mediating the persistent storage/retrieval of other objects

Concept of repositories

Repositories (details)

Purpose

  • Hiding (i.e. be backed by) some database technology
  • Possibly realising some sort of object-relational mapping (ORM)
  • Storing / retrieving aggregate roots as wholes
  • Supporting CRUD operations on aggregate roots
    • Create, Read, Update, Delete

Remarks

  • They may exploit factories for turning retrieved data into objects
  • If properly engineered, avoids lock-in effect for database technologies
  • Design & implementation may require thinking about:
    • the architecture,
    • the infrastructure,
    • the expected load,
    • etc.

Repositories (constraints)

  • They are usually identity-less, stateful, and composed objects

    • state may consist of the stored objects
    • state may consist of DB connections

  • May be implemented as classes in most OOP languages

  • Provide methods to

    • add, remove, update aggregate root entities
    • select and return one or more entities, possibly in a lazy way
      • this should return Iterable, Collection, or Stream on JVM

  • Non-trivial implementations should take care of

    • enforcing consistency, in spite of concurrent access
    • support complex transactions

Repositories (example)

interface CustomerID

interface Customer

Customer “1” *-u- “1” CustomerID

interface CustomerRegistry { + Iterable getAllCustomers() .. + Customer findCustomerById(CustomerID id) + Iterable findCustomerByName(string name) + Iterable findCustomerByEmail(string email) .. + void addNewCustomer(Customer customer) + void updateCustomer(Customer customer) + void removeCustomer(Customer customer) }

CustomerRegistry “1” o–> “N” Customer: contains CustomerRegistry –> CustomerID: exploits

Services

Functional objects encapsulating the business logic of the software
e.g. operations spanning through several entities, objects, aggregates, etc.

Purpose

  • Reifying control-related aspects of the software
  • Wiring aggregates, entities, and value objects together
  • Exposing coarse-grained functionalities to the users
  • Providing a façade for the domain
  • Make the business logic evolvable, interchangeable, replaceable

Remarks

  • Services may be exposed via ReSTful API
  • Should be designed keeping current uses cases into account (i.e. design services to be purpose-specific)
    • entities/objects should support future use cases, too (i.e. design entities/objects to be general purpose)

Services (constraints)

  • They are usually identity-less, stateless objects

  • May be implemented as classes in OOP languages

    • or bare functions in functional languages

  • Commonly provide procedures to do business-related stuff

    • e.g. a particular operation…
      • … concerning some particular aggregate root
      • … which does not support it directly through its methods
      • … because the operation is use-case specific
    • e.g. proxying an external service
    • e.g. a complex operation involving several aggregates, repositories, factories, etc.

  • Non-trivial implementations should take care of

    • supporting concurrent access to the service’s facilities
    • exposing domain events to the external world

Services (example)

interface OrderManagementService { + void performOrder(Order order) }

interface Order { + OrderID getId() + Customer getCustomer() + void setCustomer(Customer customer) + Date getTimestamp() + void setTimestamp(Date timestamp) + Map<Product, long> Amounts getAmounts() }

interface OrderID

interface Customer

interface Product

interface OrderStore

Order “1” *-r- “1” OrderID Order “1” *-d- “1” Customer Order “1” *-u- “N” Product OrderStore “1” *– “N” Order

OrderManagementService ..> Order: handles OrderManagementService ..> OrderStore: updates

note bottom of OrderStore: repository note top of Order: entity note right of OrderID: value object note right of Product: entity note right of Customer: entity note top of OrderManagementService: service

OrderID -u[hidden]- Product OrderID -d[hidden]- Customer

Domain Events (definition)

A value-like object capturing some domain-related event
(i.e., an observable variation in the domain, which is relevant to the software)

  • actually, only the event notification/description is reified to a type

Concept of domain events

Domain Events (details)

Purpose

  • Propagate changes among portions of the domain model (e.g. contexts, aggregates, entities, etc.)
  • Record changes concerning the domain

Remarks

  • Strong relation with the observer pattern (i.e. publish-subscribe)

  • Strong relation with the event sourcing approach (described later)

  • Strong relation with the CQRS pattern (described later)

Domain Events (constraints)

  • They are usually time-stamped value objects

  • May be implemented as data-classes or records

  • They represent a relevant variation in the domain

    • e.g. a change in the state of some entity / repository

  • Event sources & listeners shall be identified too

    • who is generating the event?
    • who is consuming the event?

  • Infrastructural components may be devoted to propagate events across contexts

    • e.g. a message broker, a message queue, etc.

  • [Teacher’s Suggestion]: prefer neutral names for event classes in the model

    • e.g. OrderEventArgs instead of OrderPerformedEventArgs
    • e.g. OrderEvent instead of OrderPerformedEvent
    • the reason: the same OOP type may be used to represent different events:
      • e.g. orderIssued, orderConfirmed, orderCancelled, etc.

Domain Events (example)

interface OrderManagementService { + void performOrder(Order order) .. + void notifyOrderPerformed(OrderEventArgs event) }

interface OrderEventArgs { + OrderID getID() + CustomerID getCustomer() + Date getTimestamp() + Dictionary<ProductID, long> getAmounts() }

interface OrderID

interface CustomerID

interface ProductID

OrderEventArgs “1” *-u- “1” OrderID OrderEventArgs “1” *-r- “1” CustomerID OrderEventArgs “1” *-d- “N” ProductID

OrderEventArgs .. OrderManagementService

note left of OrderEventArgs: domain event note left of OrderID: value object note left of ProductID: value object note right of CustomerID: value object note right of OrderManagementService: service

DDD Patterns

Towards DDD patterns

Further notions involving contexts

  • Bounded Context: enforce a model’s boundaries & make them explicit

  • Context Map: providing a global view on the domain and its contexts

Actual definitions

Context Boundary

The boundary of a context and its software model should be explicit. This is helpful from several perspectives:

  • technical (e.g., dependencies among classes/interfaces)
  • physical (e.g., common database, common facilities)
  • organizational (e.g. people/teams maintaining/using the code)

Context Map

A map of all the contexts in a domain and their boundaries

  • and their points of contact
    • e.g. their dependencies, homonyms, false friends, etc.
  • providing the whole picture of the domain

Example of bounded context map

Context map

Bounded Contexts & Context Maps (best practices)

  • Clearly identify & represent boundaries among contexts

  • Avoid responsibility diffusion over a single context

    • one responsible person / team for each context

  • Avoid changes in the model for problems arising outside the context

    • rather, extend the domain by creating new contexts

  • Enforce context’s cohesion via automated unit and integration testing

    • to be (re)executed as frequently as possible

Model integrity problem

How to preserve the integrity of the model?

  • As the domain evolves, the software model should evolve with it

    • in order to maintain the coupling

  • Yet, the domain rarely changes as a whole

    • more commonly, it changes in a context-specific way

  • Contexts-are bounded, but not isolated

    • so are models, which may depend on each other

  • Changes to a context, and its model may propagate to other context / models

Domain / model changes are critical and should be done carefully

Model integrity patterns

  • Shared kernel: sharing a common model among contexts
  • Customer–supplier: the consumer model’s team requests changes in the supplier model
  • Conformist: one model’s team reacts to changes of some model they depend on
  • Anti-corruption layer: a model’s team isolates itself from another model

Purposes

  • Preserve the integrity of the model w.r.t. the domain

  • Minimise the potential impact / reach of changes

    • each context should be as independent as possible
    • each change affect as few contexts as possible

Model integrity patterns (background, pt. 1)

Context maps concept

  • Context maps highlight relations among contexts
    • yet, not all relations are equal, nor symmetric

Model integrity patterns (background, pt. 2)

Upstream and downstream roles

Each relation among 2 contexts usually involves 2 ends/roles:

  • upstream end, i.e. the one providing functionalities
  • downstream end, i.e. the one consuming functionalities
    • the downstream depends upon the upstream, but not vice versa

Integration among contexts $\leftrightarrow$ interaction among teams

  • several strategies may be employed, depending on
    • mutual trust* among teams
    • ease of communication/cooperation among teams
    • technical / organizational / administrative / legal constraints



*trust $\approx$ willingness to collaborate + seek for stability

Shared Kernel

Shared kernel concept

  • Best when: multiple contexts share the same team / organization / product

  • Key idea: factorise common portions of the model into a shared kernel

  • Upstream and downstream collaborate in designing / developing / maintaining the model

    • they are peers

  • Keeping the kernel as small as possible is fundamental

Customer–Supplier

Customer–supplier concept

  • Best when:

    • multiple teams
    • mutual trust
    • good communication

  • Key idea:

    • upstream acts as supplier, downstream acts as customer
    • both sides collaborate to maximise integration among their models
      • and interoperability among their software

  • Customers may ask for features, suppliers will do their best to provide them

  • Suppliers shall warn before changing their model

Conformist

Conformist concept

  • Best when:

    • multiple teams
    • poor communication / different pace
    • some trust

  • Key idea: downstream must conform to the upstream, reactively

    • adapting their model accordingly
    • whenever the upstream’s one changes

Anti-corruption layer

Anti-corruption layer concept

  • Best when:

    • multiple teams
    • poor communication
    • poor trust

  • If upstream cannot be trusted, and interaction is pointless…

    • e.g. legacy code, poorly maintained library, etc.

  • … downstream must defend from unexpected / unanticipated change

  • The upstream’s model is then reverse engineered & adapted

    • e.g. often, repository types are anti-corruption layers for DB technologies

Layered Architecture

Layered Architecture (disclaimer)

  • DDD does not enforce a particular architecture

  • Any is fine as long the model is integer

  • Layered architectures are well suited to preserve models’ integrity

  • Here we focus on the hexagonal architecture, a particular case of layered architecture

    • well suited to DDD

Hexagonal architecture (concept)

Hexagonal architecture concept

  • outer layers depend on innermost ones
    • the vice versa is not true

Hexagonal architecture (explanation)

  1. Domain layer: contains the domain model (entities, values, events, aggregates, etc.)

    • must support a wide range of applications
    • has no dependency from any other layer

  2. Application layer: contains services providing business logic

    • supports a particular use case via services
    • depends on the domain layer

  3. Presentation layer: provides conversion facilities to/from representation formats

    • e.g. JSON, BSON, XML, YAML, XDR, Avro, HTML, etc.
      • depends on the domain layer (and, possibly, on the application layer)

  4. Storage layer: supports persistent storage/retrieval of domain data

    • this is where repositories are implemented
    • may involve some DB technology
    • depends on the domain layer (and, possibly, on the presentation layer)

  5. Interface layers (e.g. ReST API, MOM, View): let external entities access the software

    • via a GUI, or via some remote interface such as HTTP

Enforcing the architecture in the code

  • Layering may be enforced in the code

  • By mapping layers into modules

    • module $\approx$ packaging unit
      • e.g. Gradle sub-projects, Maven modules, .NET assemblies, etc.
    • each module having its own build dependencies
top to bottom direction component ":domain" as domain component ":application" as application component ":presentation" as presentation component "third-party serialization library" as gson component "third-party DB client library" as db component ":storage" as storage component ":web-api" as server component ":message-queue" as mq component ":command-line" as cli component product domain <|-- application application <|-- presentation presentation <|-- server presentation <|-- mq application <|-- storage presentation -r-|> gson presentation <|-- cli db <|-l- storage product -u-|> server product -u-|> storage product -u-|> mq

Advanced aspects of DDD

Event sourcing (preliminaries)

  • Whenever there is a mutable entity …
  • … whose state evolution over time must be tracked …
  • … state transitions can be memorised in 2 ways:
    • one may track the current state
    • or the flow of variations

Flow vs. state representation

Event sourcing

A pattern where domain events are reified into time-stamped data and the whole evolution of a system is persistently stored

  • perfect match with DDD as domain events are first-class citizens

Event sourcing (pros & cons)

Benefits

  • Historical data can be analysed, to serve several purposes

    • e.g. predictive maintenance, optimization, analyse & anticipate faults

  • Past situations can be replayed

    • e.g. which improves debugging, enables measurements

  • Enables complex event detection & reaction

  • Enables CQRS (described later)

Limitations

  • A lot of data is generated and must be stored, which costs space
  • Reconstructing the (current) state costs time

Command–Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS)

  • Advanced pattern for building highly-scalable applications

  • It leverages upon event sourcing and layered architecture…

  • … to deliver reactive, eventual-consistent solutions where:

    • contexts boundaries can be easily enforced
    • single responsibility principle is applied extensively

CQRS definition

Split the domain and application layers to segregate read/write responsibilities

  • Read model (a.k.a. view or query model)

    • accepts queries aimed at observing the state of the system

  • Write model (a.k.a. command model)

    • accepts commands aimed at altering the state of the system

CQRS concept

CQRS concept

CQRS workflow (writing)

Whenever users are willing to perform an action into the system:

  1. they create a command and forward it to the write model
  • i.e. an object describing a variation to be applied to some domain aspect

  1. the command is possibly validated & stored onto some database
  • an ad-hoc database is available in the model for storing commands

CQRS workflow (reading)

Whenever users are willing to inspect/observe the system at time $t$:

  1. they perform a query on the read model
    • asking for the state of the system at time $t$
    • e.g. $t$ $\equiv$ now

  1. commands up to time $t$ are assumed to be reified when reading
    • a snapshot of the system state at time $t$ is returned to users

CQRS – When are commands reified?

Reification: is the process of computing the state of the system at time $t$ by applying of commands recorded up to time $t$

  • If queries and commands are stored on different databases

    • reification implies updating the query database
    • the query database should be read-efficient
    • the commands database should be write-efficient

  • Several, non-mutually-exclusive strategies:

    • eager: commands are reified as soon as they are received
    • pull: commands are reified upon reading queries
    • push: commands are reified in background, periodically

Exercises

Repository: https://github.com/unibo-spe/ddd-exercise, branch exercise

(solutions on branch master)

Exercise 1 – Simple Store (pt. 1)

A simple domain keeping track of: customers, products, and orders.

Customers

  • Customers can either be companies or persons

  • Companies are identified by a VAT number

  • Persons are identified by tax codes

  • In any case a name and email are recorded for each customer

  • Both the name and email may vary over time

Products

  • Products are identified by name and type/category

  • They have a nominal price, expressed using some currency

  • The availability of each product is tracked as well

  • Both the price and the available quantity may vary over time

Exercise 1 – Simple Store (pt. 2)

Money and exchange rates

  • Money is represented by a decimal value and a currency

  • Currencies are represented by a name, a symbol and an acronym

    • e.g. Euro, EUR, €
    • e.g. USA Dollar, USD, $

  • Exchange rates keep track of the conversion rate

    • from a source currency
    • to a destination currency
    • in a particular moment

  • Information about exchange rates can be attained from the Internet

  • We can compute the price of each product, in any currency, at any moment

Exercise 1 – Simple Store (pt. 3)

Orders

  • Orders are identified by a serial number

  • They keep track of the many products ordered by a customer

    • and the amount of copies ordered for each product

  • Also, orders keep track of when they have been performed

  • All such information may be modified before the order is delivered

  • When a new order is registered, many actions should be performed in reaction

  • It must be possible to compute the actual total price of an order

    • in a particular moment, using a particular currency

Exercise 1 – Simple Store (pt. 4)

TO-DO

  1. Read informal domain description
  2. Identify the main domain concepts composing the ubiquitous language
  3. Model the domain as Java types (classes or interfaces)
    • the model should include entities, value objects, repositories, factories, and services
  4. Structure the Java types according to some module structure compliant with hexagonal architecture
    • i.e. put code into either the domain or application modules
  5. Sketch tests and, then, implementation for at least one
    • entity
    • value object
    • factory
    • repository
    • value object

Exercise 2 – Trivial CQRS (pt. 1)

  • Very simple repository type: the Counter
  • It contains 1 long number, initially set to 0
  • The value may be read or changed arbitrarily
  • Whenever the value changes, a new domain event is published, of type Variation
  • However, the repository only memorises the current value of the counter

Exercise 2 – Trivial CQRS (pt. 2)

TO-DO

  1. Switch the design towards event sourcing, by memorising variations instead of snapshots.
  2. Implement the CQRS pattern by splitting the repository into 2 parts:
  • a write-model for storing variations
  • a read-model for retrieving a snapshot of the counter’s value in a given moment

In practice:

  1. provide implementations for the CounterReader and CounterWriter interfaces
  2. optionally, test those implementations

Exercise 3 – Anti corruption layer (pt. 1)

Exercise 3 – Anti corruption layer (pt. 2)

TO-DO

  1. Extend the model of our domain with new interfaces supporting CSV parsing / writing functionalities
  2. Design the interfaces so that they are agnostic of the third-party libraries
    • without corrupting the domain model with library-specific types
  3. Provide implementations for the interfaces, using one of the two libraries
  4. Sketch tests for the implementations
  5. Provide implementations for the interfaces, using the other library
  6. Use the same tests as above to prove the two implementations work the same way